How did life survive ‘Snowball Earth’? In ponds, study suggests

Earth has not always been so hospitable to live. During several ice ages, the planet’s surface was almost completely frozen over, creating what has been dubbed “Snowball Earth”.

Liquid water appears to be the most important ingredient for life on any planet, raising the question: how did anything survive such frosty, brutal times?

A group of scientists said Thursday that they had found an astonishing diversity of microorganisms in tiny pools of melted ice in Antarctica, suggesting that life could have ridden out Snowball Earth in similar ponds.

During the Cryogenian Period between 635 and 720 million years ago, the average global temperature did not rise above -50 degrees Celsius (-58 Fahrenheit). The climate near the equator at the time resembled modern-day Antarctica.

Yet even in such extreme conditions, life found a way to keep evolving.

Fatima Husain, the lead author of a new study published in Nature Communications, told AFP there was evidence of complex life forms “before and after the Cryogenian in the fossil record”.

“There are multiple hypotheses regarding possible places life may have persisted,” said Husain, a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Perhaps it found shelter in patches of open ocean, or in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, or under vast sheets of ice.

The tiny melted ice pools that dotted the equator were another proposed refuge.

These ponds could have been oases for eukaryotes, complex organisms that eventually evolved into multicellular life forms that would rise to dominate Earth, including humans.

Could aliens be hiding in ponds?

Melted ice ponds still exist today in Antarctica, at the edges of ice sheets.

In 2018, members of a New Zealand research team visited the McMurdo ice shelf in east Antarctica, home to several such pools, which are only a few metres wide and less a metre deep.

The bottom of the ponds are lined with a mat of microbes that have accumulated over the years to form slimy layers.

“These mats can be a few centimetres thick, colourful, and they can be very clearly layered,” Husain said.

They are made up of single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria that are known to be able to survive extreme conditions.

But the researchers also found signs indicating there were eukaryotes such as algae or microscopic animals.

This suggests there was surprising diversity in the ponds, which appears to have been influenced by the amount of salt each contained.

“No two ponds were alike,” Husain said. “We found diverse assemblages of eukaryotes from all the major groups in all the ponds studied.”

“They demonstrate that these unique environments are capable of sheltering diverse assemblages of life, even in close proximity,” she added.

This could have implications in the search for extraterrestrial life.

“Studies of life within these special environments on Earth can help inform our understanding of potential habitable environments on icy worlds, including icy moons in our Solar System,” Husain said.

Saturn’s moon Enceladus and Jupiter’s Europa are covered in ice, but scientists increasingly suspect they could be home to simple forms of life, and several space missions have been launched to find out more about them.

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© Agence France-Presse

Journal Reference:
Husain, F., Millar, J.L., Jungblut, A.D. et al., ‘Biosignatures of diverse eukaryotic life from a Snowball Earth analogue environment in Antarctica’. Nature Communications 16, 5315 (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-60713-5

Article Source:
Press Release/Material by Bénédicte Rey | AFP
Featured image credit: Stepan Ivanov | Unsplash